The percentage of data packets that get lost in transit. Can noticeably degrade voice and video quality.

The actual amount of data that gets sent over a connection in a given time. Less than bandwidth due to overhead.

How long it takes data to get from source to destination. Lower latency means snappier connections.

A Virtual LAN. Partitions a physical network into separate virtual networks for improved management and security.

Quality of Service. Prioritizes certain types of network traffic, like voice or video, for a smoother experience.

The Domain Name System. Translates human-friendly domain names like google.com into IP addresses.

Automatically assigns IP addresses to devices on a network. Saves you from configuring them manually.

Defines which part of an IP address identifies the network and which part identifies the device.

Network Address Translation. Lets multiple devices share one public IP address. A key router feature.

Converts signals between analog (like cable or phone lines) and digital (like Ethernet). The bridge between your home network and the internet.