Cache mode writing data immediately to storage.

Moving HDD heads to a safe position.

Native 512-byte-sector disk format.

Allocating storage capacity as needed.

Physical contact between HDD head and platter.

Disk using 4K physical sectors emulating 512-byte sectors.

Allocating storage capacity in advance.

Disk sector unable to reliably store data.

Disk using native 4K sectors.

Placing data on storage with different performance levels.