It's a small cube used for playing games or deciding wins and losses, with each side showing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 dots.

An irrational number is a real number that can't be expressed as an integer or a fraction. If you write an irrational number in decimal form, it will have an infinite number of digits after the decimal point with no repeating pattern, so it's also called a non-repeating infinite decimal.

A convex polygon is a polygon where all the interior angles are less than 180 degrees, with no 'indentations,' and any line connecting two vertices stays inside the shape.

Graphical equations connect the solutions of algebraic equations with geometric shapes, using visual geometry to reflect the abstract ideas of algebra. The core idea is 'combining numbers and shapes'.

"'Image' refers to a concept in mathematics. It's basically like a picture or quadrant, so it's simply called 'image'."

An exterior angle is formed by one side of a polygon and the extension of another side. The sum of the exterior angles of a polygon is always 360°.

In simple terms, differentiation is using the change of a straight line to approximate the change of a curve; it's basically the linear part of a function's change.

Calculus is a branch of advanced mathematics that studies the differentiation and integration of functions and their applications. The core is to use mathematical methods to analyze rates of change and accumulated quantities. It's based on the theory of limits and consists of two main parts: differential calculus and integral calculus.

(1) Problems involving finding speed and distance during movement, (2) Problems about finding the tangent of a curve, (3) Problems about finding length, area, volume, and center of mass, (4) Problems about finding maximum and minimum values (quadratic functions, a type of calculus).

The core of the fundamental theorem of calculus is the Newton-Leibniz formula.