Pointer or reference containing no valid object address.

Function treated as a normal value.

Method used to initialize a new object.

Types are determined or checked during execution.

Memory structure commonly used for function calls and local data.

Programming paradigm emphasizing functions and immutable data.

Method or mechanism used when an object is destroyed.

Language strongly enforces type rules.

Memory area used for dynamically allocated data.

Paradigm organizing software around objects and classes.