Small unit representing data, syntax, or authorization information.

File path interpreted relative to another location.

Human-readable instructions written by programmers.

Logical unit of operations treated as one action.

Attempt to access memory or resources without permission.

LIFO data structure commonly used for calls and temporary data.

Record of database changes used for recovery.

Database properties: atomicity, consistency, isolation, durability.

Examining code without executing it.

Rules governing data types in a programming language.