math system

Albert Einstein was one of the greatest physicists of the 20th century, came up with the theory of relativity and the energy-mass equation, and won the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics.

The Sieve of Eratosthenes is an ancient algorithm for quickly finding all prime numbers within a certain range, proposed by the ancient Greek mathematician Eratosthenes.

Eratosthenes (around 275–194 BC) was a famous ancient Greek mathematician, astronomer, and geographer, born in Cyrene, Libya. He's best known for coming up with the first method to measure the Earth's circumference, getting an estimate with less than 5% error, and for being the first to use the term 'geography.' Because of this, he’s often honored as the 'Father of Geography.'

Arabic numerals are actually the ten number symbols we use every day, from 0 to 9. Even though the name has 'Arabic' in it, they were actually invented by the ancient Indians and later got this name when the Arabs brought them to Europe. They are the number system used worldwide today.

Phi is the twenty-first letter of the Greek alphabet, pronounced 'fài'. It has an uppercase Φ and a lowercase φ. The top left corner of the lowercase is usually open, and sometimes it’s written as a smaller version of the uppercase. Besides being a letter, it also represents various specialized meanings in different fields.

Pi is the fixed number you get when you divide a circle's circumference by its diameter, and this ratio is the same for any circle, no matter its size. Pi is the symbol for the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter, roughly equal to 3.1415926535.

Any non-zero number raised to the power of 0 equals 1, while 0 to the power of 0 is meaningless.

An octagon is a closed shape formed by eight line segments, with an interior angle sum of 1080 degrees. It can be a regular octagon or an irregular octagon and is often used in architecture and signage design.

'Bitwise method' usually refers to 'bitwise operation,' a low-level computational method that performs logical or shift operations on each binary digit of integers. It is not an independent 'number system' or 'numeral system' (the latter is often mistakenly called 'bitwise counting method').

Albert Einstein was one of the greatest physicists of the 20th century, proposing the theory of relativity and the mass-energy equivalence equation, and he won the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics.