A file format that stores compressed media along with metadata like subtitles. Examples are MP4 and MKV.

Copying audio or video data from one format to another, like CD tracks to MP3 files.

Playing media in real-time as it’s sent over the internet. Services like Spotify and Netflix use streaming.

The width-to-height ratio of a video or image. Old TVs used 4:3, modern ones use 16:9.

Attempting to guess a password by systematically trying every possible combination of characters.

A digital fingerprint of some data. Used to verify that files haven’t been tampered with.

Adding random data to a hash to make it harder to crack. A pinch of salt keeps your hash secure!

Compresses and decompresses media data. Different formats use different codecs, like MP3 for audio and MPEG for video.

A Distributed Denial of Service attack. When botnets flood a target system to overwhelm and crash it.

A vulnerability that’s exploited before the software maker knows about it and can fix it.