How long it takes data to get from source to destination. Lower latency means snappier connections.

The actual amount of data that gets sent over a connection in a given time. Less than bandwidth due to overhead.

Quality of Service. Prioritizes certain types of network traffic, like voice or video, for a smoother experience.

A Virtual LAN. Partitions a physical network into separate virtual networks for improved management and security.

Network Address Translation. Lets multiple devices share one public IP address. A key router feature.

Defines which part of an IP address identifies the network and which part identifies the device.

A virtual endpoint for network communication. Different services use specific port numbers, like 80.

Connects multiple wired devices on a network so they can talk to each other.

Converts signals between analog (like cable or phone lines) and digital (like Ethernet). The bridge between your home network and the internet.

Routes data between networks. Most home “routers” are actually routers, switches, and wireless access points in one unit.