Playing media in real-time as it’s sent over the internet. Services like Spotify and Netflix use streaming.

Attempting to guess a password by systematically trying every possible combination of characters.

A digital fingerprint of some data. Used to verify that files haven’t been tampered with.

Adding random data to a hash to make it harder to crack. A pinch of salt keeps your hash secure!

Compresses and decompresses media data. Different formats use different codecs, like MP3 for audio and MPEG for video.

Exploiting human psychology rather than technical vulnerabilities. Phishing is a prime example.

A Distributed Denial of Service attack. When botnets flood a target system to overwhelm and crash it.

A vulnerability that’s exploited before the software maker knows about it and can fix it.

Automated malware that lets hackers remotely control your computer.

Malware that burrows deep into your system to hide itself. Notoriously hard to detect and remove.